Prepared for: Joseph Wong Design Associates (JWDA)
Contact Person: Robert Royce, Project Manager,
JWDA, 2359 Fouth Avenue, Suite 201, San Diego, CA 92101, (619) 233-6777
Project Name: PacBell Data Recovery
Date: 2002
Report Title: Data Recovery Program for PacBell
Site CA-SDI-5633 San Marcos, California.
Authors: Dennis R. Gallegos, Tracy A. Stropes,
Monica Guerrero, and Jeff Flenniken
Project Description:
This report provides the results of the data recovery program completed
for the purpose of mitigating the impacts/effects of the proposed
expansion of the existing PacBell facility. Site CA-SDI-5633 was
tested by Gallegos and Pigniolo (1990) and identified as a significant
cultural resource under California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
criteria. Based primarily on this initial study and on additional
work completed for the Oceanside–Escondido Rail Project (Guerrero
et al. 2001), site CA-SDI-5633 was recommended as significant and
eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources
and the National Register of Historic Places (Guerrero et al. 2001).
The State Historic Preservation Officer concurred with these recommendations.
Testing by Gallegos and Pigniolo (1990) provided sufficient information
to demonstrate the potential of CA-SDI-5633 to contribute to the
archaeological record to identify past lifeways, and to address
important research questions, such as chronology, lithic technology,
settlement and subsistence strategy, and trade and travel. The data
recovery program was designed to address these research questions
through the manual and mechanical excavation program. Native American
monitoring was provided by Mark Mojado and Linda Foussat, of the
San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians. The data recovery program
included four phases of excavation, followed by data analysis, special
studies, and a report of finding. Prior to subsurface excavation,
phosphate samples were taken across the site to identify areas of
high phosphate, therein identifying areas with higher concentrations
of artifacts and ecofacts representing Native American occupation.
The Phase I random sample included the excavation of 27 1x1-m units.
Using the phosphate and Phase I sample results, areas were defined
for the excavation of 25 1x1-m units to complete block exposures.
This work was followed by the excavation of 15 rapid recovery units
to provide additional diagnostic artifacts to address the research
questions posed. The excavation of a total of 67 1x1-m units produced
93 projectile points, 2 battered implements, 2 cores, 2 flake tools,
13,360 debitage, 15 manos, 5 metates, 14 ground stone fragments,
2 pieces of shaped stone, 1 steatite pendant, 59 ceramic pieces,
1 piece of baked clay, 1 Olivella sp. shell bead, 5 bone tools,
265.57 g of bone, 125.62 g of shell, and 201 historic items (172
glass, 10 metal, 1 square nail, and 18 ceramic fragments). In addition
to the units excavated, one metate fragment was collected from the
surface; and backhoe trenching produced 1 projectile point, 2 manos,
2 metate fragments, and 1 milling implement. A total of 14 bedrock
milling features with 35 elements (22 slicks, 9 saucers, and 4 cupules)
were documented through
photographs, drawings, and measurements. Special studies included
lithic analysis, radiocarbon dating, ceramic analysis (petrographic
thin-section), faunal analysis, obsidian sourcing and residue (immunological)
analysis. The recovery of 93 whole and fragmented portions of primarily
arrow points as well as the associated debitage that resulted from
their manufacture provided the evidence necessary to define the
flake stone reduction technology at CA-SDI-5633 as almost exclusively
related to arrow point production and rejuvenation. Hunting and
preparation for hunting were a major focus of occupation at CA-SDI-5633.
In addition to the production and maintenance of arrow points, milling
of plant seeds was also demonstrated by the presence of 17 manos,
8 metate fragments, 14 ground stone items, and 14 bedrock milling
features. Faunal analysis identified mule deer, jackrabbit, cottontail
rabbit, ground squirrel, bird and snake, with the majority of bone
(90%) identified to small mammal. Shell analysis of the 125.62 g
recovered identified the majority of shell as Protothaca sp. and
Amiantis collosa (37.9 g and 42.5 g, respectively). The remaining
identifiable shell was Chione sp. (15.65 g) and Argopecten sp. (0.85
g). Given the small amount of shell recovered, shell was likely
used as a diet supplement. Residue analysis of Cottonwood Triangular
arrow points supported the results of faunal analysis, and identified
rabbit, deer and cat (includes bobcat and mountain lion). The question
of trade and travel was addressed through the sourcing of obsidian
to both the Coso Volcanic Field, approximately 300 miles to the
north/northeast of site CA-SDI-5633; and to Obsidian Butte in the
Imperial Valley, approximately 100 miles east/northeast of CA-SDI-5633.
Also, one piece of Grimes Canyon fused shale, sourced to Ventura
County, was recovered. The majority of stone used for tools was
manufactured from local materials. Ceramic analysis identified the
pottery samples as Tizon Brown Ware (mountain ware) and Salton Brown
Ware (desert ware). The question of chronology was addressed through
the radiocarbon dating of five shell samples. This analysis placed
the occupation of site CA-SDI-5633 circa A.D. 1170 to A.D. 1690.
Human remains were recovered, and a ceremony and reburial were conducted
by the Luiseno Native Americans.
Gallegos
& Associates - 5671
Palmer Way Suite A, Carlsbad, CA 92010 - office:(760) 929-0055 fax:(760)
929-0056
recommendations.
Testing by Gallegos and Pigniolo (1990) provided sufficient information
to demonstrate the potential of CA-SDI-5633 to contribute to the
archaeological record to identify past lifeways, and to address
important research questions, such as chronology, lithic technology,
settlement and subsistence strategy, and trade and travel. The data
recovery program was designed to address these research questions
through the manual and mechanical excavation program. Native American
monitoring was provided by Mark Mojado and Linda Foussat, of the
San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians. The data recovery program
included four phases of excavation, followed by data analysis, special
studies, and a report of finding. Prior to subsurface excavation,
phosphate samples were taken across the site to identify areas of
high phosphate, therein identifying areas with higher concentrations
of artifacts and ecofacts representing Native American occupation.
The Phase I random sample included the excavation of 27 1x1-m units.
Using the phosphate and Phase I sample results, areas were defined
for the excavation of 25 1x1-m units to complete block exposures.
This work was followed by the excavation of 15 rapid recovery units
to provide additional diagnostic artifacts to address the research
questions posed. The excavation of a total of 67 1x1-m units produced
93 projectile points, 2 battered implements, 2 cores, 2 flake tools,
13,360 debitage, 15 manos, 5 metates, 14 ground stone fragments,
2 pieces of shaped stone, 1 steatite pendant, 59 ceramic pieces,
1 piece of baked clay, 1 Olivella sp. shell bead, 5 bone tools,
265.57 g of bone, 125.62 g of shell, and 201 historic items (172
glass, 10 metal, 1 square nail, and 18 ceramic fragments). In addition
to the units excavated, one metate fragment was collected from the
surface; and backhoe trenching produced 1 projectile point, 2 manos,
2 metate fragments, and 1 milling implement. A total of 14 bedrock
milling features with 35 elements (22 slicks, 9 saucers, and 4 cupules)
were documented 
through
photographs, drawings, and measurements. Special studies included
lithic analysis, radiocarbon dating, ceramic analysis (petrographic
thin-section), faunal analysis, obsidian sourcing and residue (immunological)
analysis. The recovery of 93 whole and fragmented portions of primarily
arrow points as well as the associated debitage that resulted from
their manufacture provided the evidence necessary to define the
flake stone reduction technology at CA-SDI-5633 as almost exclusively
related to arrow point production and rejuvenation. Hunting and
preparation for hunting were a major focus of occupation at CA-SDI-5633.
In addition to the production and maintenance of arrow points, milling
of plant seeds was also demonstrated by the presence of 17 manos,
8 metate fragments, 14 ground stone items, and 14 bedrock milling
features. Faunal analysis identified mule deer, jackrabbit, cottontail
rabbit, ground squirrel, bird and snake, with the majority of bone
(90%) identified to small mammal. Shell analysis of the 125.62 g
recovered identified the majority of shell as Protothaca sp. and
Amiantis collosa (37.9 g and 42.5 g, respectively). The remaining
identifiable shell was Chione sp. (15.65 g) and Argopecten sp. (0.85
g). Given the small amount of shell recovered, shell was likely
used as a diet supplement. Residue analysis of Cottonwood Triangular
arrow points supported the results of faunal analysis, and identified
rabbit, deer and cat (includes bobcat and mountain lion). The question
of trade and travel was addressed through the sourcing of obsidian
to both the Coso Volcanic Field, approximately 300 miles to the
north/northeast of site CA-SDI-5633; and to Obsidian Butte in the
Imperial Valley, approximately 100 miles east/northeast of CA-SDI-5633.
Also, one piece of Grimes Canyon fused shale, sourced to Ventura
County, was recovered. The majority of stone used for tools was
manufactured from local materials. Ceramic analysis identified the
pottery samples as Tizon Brown Ware (mountain ware) and Salton Brown
Ware (desert ware). The question of chronology was addressed through
the radiocarbon dating of five shell samples. This analysis placed
the occupation of site CA-SDI-5633 circa A.D. 1170 to A.D. 1690.
Human remains were recovered, and a ceremony and reburial were conducted
by the Luiseno Native Americans.